Humans actually share this ability with animals like the starfish and the newt. Stem cells are found in all of us, from the early stages of human development to the end of life. Embryonic stem cells exist only briefly after fertilisation, well before the embryo becomes a foetus, and can turn into any cells in the body. The field of stem cell research has attracted many investigators in the past several years. This will help you understand the origin and function of different kinds of stem cells, as well as the basics of extraction and harvesting. In the course of this lecture, the students become familiar with the properties of stem cells as well as the features necessary for their characterization. Stem cells do not only offer the hope of reconstructive therapies. Discovery of plant cells, the microscope and cell theory. In 1665, robert hooke using a crude light microscope saw and described cells in a piece of cork. To be used for therapies, embryonic stem cells would first need to be differentiated into specialized cell types. The next lecture cell death 2 will focus on programmed cell death by apoptosis. Kinds of stem cells embryonic stem cells come from a five to sixdayold embryo.
Named for tissue derived from embryonic stem cells es cells pleuripotent extensive selfrenewal 200 generations embryo destroyed adult stem cells tissuespecific stem cells also called. But in vitro, pgcs show spontaneous differentiation, thus limited in. Multipotentstem cells can form multiple types of cells and tissue types. Stem cells are basic cells of all multicellular organisms having.
In contrast, bacteria prokaryotic cells such as eschericia. Proposal for isct to revise the definition and minimal criteria of mesenchymal stromal cells. Clones and stem cells lecture lectures of general interest. Protein structure and function, the flow of information. Stem cells are basic cells of all multicellular organisms having the potency to differentiate into wide. And it turns out, you have to mix these cells with carrier cells, otherwise it doesnt work. The importance of this research and the medical applications that may result from it are recognized, but at the same time ethical aspects are much to. The current role of stem cells in orthopaedic surgery. Liver cells courtesy of yingxin xu and qingling feng. Students will get out a sheet of paper and title it, lecture notes. Beng 100 lecture 22 tissue engineering open yale courses.
It is essential for citizens to participate in a full and informed manner in public. Stem cells are defined as cells that have clonogenic and selfrenewing capabilities and differentiate into multiple cell lineages. The first lecture is titled understanding embryonic stem. Cells need to take in substances, process them and at the same time obtain energy to allow this metabolism to take place. Cancer stem cells not all the cells within a tumor can maintain tumor growth, most cancers are not clonal. The enormous potential of regenerative medicine for restoring tissue or organ function and benefitting mankind has been. Brenda russell, phd stem cells have the ability to differentiate into specific cell types. In his first lecture doug melton, whos an hhmi investigator at harvard university, will show us the fundamental role that.
Professor saltzman motivates the need for tissue engineering, and describes the basic elements of the tissue engineering approach. Embryonic stem cells come from a five to sixdayold embryo. Introduction a modern cell theory 1 all organisms are composed of at least one cell 2 all cells are similar in their chemical composition 3 all cells are similar in their metabolic activities 4 all cells arise from preexisting cells. We design the size of stem cells to introduce you to this groundbreaking aerobiology. Cell biology lecture notes doc 52p this note covers the following topics. So there are some basic questions in biology, as to how to grow these cells to enough numbers that would actually be useful.
If all the above upr steps fail, cell death by apoptosis is triggered classification of cell death. Clones and stem cells lecture university of reading. Stem cells video on how stem cells work and develop. I feel like this microphonethe first is a concept that you need in addition to the ones we started lecture with, and then well talk about stem cells. The 2 defining characteristics of a stem cell are perpetual selfrenewal and the ability to differentiate into a specialized adult cell type. Jan 23, 2016 proposal for isct to revise the definition and minimal criteria of mesenchymal stromal cells. There are different types of stem cells including those found in embryos embryonic stem cells and those produced in the laboratory by treating normal adult cells such as from the skin or muscle to become stem cells induced pluripotent stem cells. Human stem cell research and regenerative medicine 6 the use of stem cells has developed under much expectation and even controversy worldwide, particularly there where human embryonic stem cells hescs are concerned. We all have adult stem cells in many of our tissues which repair and replenish damaged cells. The lecturer looks at how cloning evolved, tracing its evolution through techniques on plants and then experiments conducted on cells and small animals. Stem cell basics introduction for centuries, scientists have known that certain animals can regenerate missing parts of their bodies. The discovery of cells was dependent on the development of the light microscope. Cell function and inheritance h introduction the body consists of a vast population of many kinds of cells together with many extracellular substances. Despite preventive mechanisms adult stem cells may accumulate mutations over the years.
An average size for the common cells used in cell culture hela or mouse 3t3 cells is 1520 microns in diameter for a suspended cell volume 43. Adult stem cells ascs have been detected in numerous tissues. The cells are involved not only in the synthesis and secretion of these extracellular substances but also in the elaboration of substances for their own internal use. Mh note that content listed below will not match exactly current lecture structure but has been selected as having similar content links. Most cells are specialised to perform particular functions, such as red blood cells that carry oxygen around our bodies in the blood, but they are unable to divide. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among specialised or. Sep 01, 2010 cells and tissues lecture notes slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. They have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the human body. Stem cells hold much promise for the development of novel treatments for many serious medical conditions. Embryonic germ cells are derived from the part of a human embryo or foetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm gametes.
It is critical and encouraging at the same time, providing truthful and appropriate samples from the practice and research that can lead toward optimal use of this immense source of. This lecture will introduce the various typessources of stem cells as well as their practical and therapeutic potentials. Human stem cells, cloning and research research on human stem cells and the related ethics are being widely discussed not just in europe but worldwide. Cancer stem cells in breast cancer, brain tumors, certain forms of leukemia, and gastric tumor. Cell membrane lecture my1 2014 university of bristol. Unknown whether the tissue stem cell degenerates, or if a more differentiated cell reacquires stem cell phenotype. Stem cells provide new cells for the body as it grows, and replace specialised cells that are damaged or lost. Cells and tissues lecture notes slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Cd34 expression on human mesenchymal stromal cells. What about adult stem cells or cord blood stem cells.
Introduction to the course introduction to stem cells. Stem cells can be obtained from a variety of sources. However, several technical challenges must be overcome before new therapies based on stem cells become a reality. To provide a working understanding of the basic cell functions physical and chemical principles underlying them. A better understanding of their biology and the markers. Stem cells are derived from numerous sources and have different potency capacities. For example, human neuronal stem cells produced muscle cells when they were implanted in skeletal muscle 8. Stem cells are cells which can generate new copies of themselves, and can turn into the. The arthur jackson professor of biomedical science centre for stem cell biology the university of she. Several longknown oncogenic pathways are pivotal to the maintenance of normal stem cell selfrenewal. Stem cells have been successfully isolated from a variety of human and animal tissues, including dental pulp. This lecture notes contain images and illustrations adopted from regenerative medicine 2006 with subsequent updated.
Here are the slides for todays lecture 2018 stem cell biology and. Techniques used in the stem cell field have identified selfrenewing cells. And you can introduce what you think is one stem cell, 10 stem cells, 100 stem cells, and so on, into an irradiated mouse, and ask how many stem cells does it take to repopulate the entire blood system and immune system. The transcription factors that we use to convert adult cells into ips cells.
Stem cells embryonic stem cells embryonic adult stem cells blastocyst blood cells neurons undifferentiated different culture conditions culture conditions overview from in vitro fertilization gut embryo destroyed pleuripotent multiipotentmultiipotent specialized cell types stem cells1. This is from my colleague elaine fuchs at rockefeller, who over many years has figured out that in the hair folliclethis is the hair sticking out of the skinin the hair, theres a small group of cells on one side of the hair shaft called the bulge cells, and these bulge cells are the stem cells. Without stem cells none of us would be here in the first place. In his first lecture doug melton, whos an hhmi investigator at harvard university, will show us. Stem cell online therapy training course stem cells course. This is a good example of how certain discoveries are dependent on the development of appropriate technology. At cell press, we have been proud to support this development through coverage of stem cell topics in many of our journals, including our flagship publication cell and our fielddedicated journal cell stem cell. Gactin actin is single most abundant protein in most cells muscle cell. You will also learn from amnh biologist julia zichello that stem cells are found throughout the tree of life. But in vitro, pgcs show spontaneous differentiation, thus limited in isolation of pure clonal lines.
Our body is made up of many different types of cell. You will begin with a basic overview of stem cells what they are, the history of stem cell research, and the potential for stem cell therapies. Human embryonic stem cells are obtained from very early stage embryos, within. Welcome to the science of stem cells, a course from the american museum of natural history. During this lecture, we take you through the detailed biology of stem cells, their importance and their clinical use. Lecture in stem cell research inaugural lecturer peter w. About this document this primer on stem cells is intended for anyone who wishes to learn more about the biological properties of stem cells, the important questions about stem cells that are the focus of scientific research, and the potential use of stem cells in research and in treating disease.
Im very excited to be your instructor for this course. The embryos used in these studies were created for reproductive purposes through in vitro. Informed public discussion of these issues should be based on an understanding of the science associated with stem cell research, and it should involve a broad crosssection of society. Zehra dincer, a stem cell scientist and a stem cell educator here at the museum. He looks at the meaning of clone and discusses the difference between reproductive cloning and. However, such undifferentiated stem cells could not be used directly for tissue transplants because they can cause a type of tumor called a teratoma. Pluripotentstem cells can form most or all cell types in the adult. Furthermore, stem cells implanted into a totally different niche can potentially differentiate into cell types of the new environment 7. This achievement marks progress in regenerative dentistry. Unipotent stem cells form only one type of specialized cell type.
Undeveloped biological cells capable of proliferation, selfrenewal, conversion to differentiated cells and regenerating tissues 1. Small lipidsoluble molecules can enter the cell because they can pass through the lipid bilayer. Stem cells in regenerative medicine university of oulu. Dna to protein, ribosome, mrna, and trna direct the synthesis of proteins, gene regulation, dna packing and organization, cell cycle and division, cell signaling, cell junctions, cell adhesion and ecm, nervous system. The first lecture is titled understanding embryonic stem cells. Stem cell therapies offer regenerative prospects for numerous human diseases stem cells are capable of renewal and differentiation. Impact of fetal bovine serum on toxicity of mesenchymal stromal cell infusions in humans. In practical terms, we will attempt to solve a number of important problems relevant to replication, transcription, translation, translocation. These lecture notes approximately follow the course and are divided into four sections. Prospects stem cell research is at the beginning of a development that will likely address many important diseases for society, particularly in the ageing population. At cell press, we have been proud to support this development through coverage of stem cell topics in many of our journals, including our flagship publication cell and our fielddedicated journal cell stem cell, launched in 2007. As well as the fetus, stem cells are also found in the placenta, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord, and they remain in many adult tissues. Stem cell basics last modified on april 08, 2015 about this document this primer on stem cells is intended for anyone who wishes to learn more about the biological properties of stem cells, the important questions about stem cells that are the focus of scientific research, and the potential use of stem cells in research and in treating disease.
The lecture notes go into great detail regarding the cell organelles and the role of each structure to maintain homeostasis in the cell. A brief discussion of the pros and cons of different types of stem cells currently investigated in the field of medical research will be discussed. How cells are studied ii biochemical techniques for cellular and subcelllular functions isolation of cells source for the best yield fetal or neonatal tissue disrupting the extracellular matrix and intercellular junctions proteolytic enzymes chelating agents approaches to separate cell types centrifugation cell sorter. Apr 08, 2015 about this document this primer on stem cells is intended for anyone who wishes to learn more about the biological properties of stem cells, the important questions about stem cells that are the focus of scientific research, and the potential use of stem cells in research and in treating disease. Primordial germ cells pgcs destined to become gametes oocytes sperm cells 2. Although we cant replace a missing leg or a finger, our bodies are constantly regenerating blood, skin, and other tissues. Definition a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate develop into various other kinds of cellstissues. Ips cells, human cells, grow very slowly in the laboratory. These are cells that can develop into all cell types in the human body and can also form extra embryonic and.